Spontaneous Change Entropy and Gibbs Energy
General Chemistry • 9 topics in this chapter.
This Spontaneous Change, Entropy, and Gibbs Energy chapter in General Chemistry focuses on the thermodynamic rules that predict whether a process will occur, combining clear explanations with interactive calculators for entropy (ΔS), enthalpy (ΔH), temperature effects, and Gibbs free energy (ΔG). It helps you connect disorder, energy dispersal, and equilibrium tendencies to measurable quantities, using standard thermodynamic data and consistent sign conventions.
On this page you can calculate ΔG using ΔG = ΔH − T·ΔS, determine spontaneity at different temperatures, and solve problems using standard molar entropies and standard Gibbs energies of formation to find reaction-level changes. Step-by-step outputs guide you through unit conversions (especially J vs kJ), temperature in Kelvin, and interpreting results as spontaneous, nonspontaneous, or at equilibrium (ΔG = 0).
The difficulty level ranges from beginner-friendly spontaneity checks to more advanced thermodynamics calculations using tabulated data, making it ideal for AP/IB Chemistry and introductory university chemistry, while still accessible to motivated high school students. Teachers can use it to demonstrate how entropy and Gibbs energy predict real chemical change, self-learners can practice until the logic becomes intuitive, and advanced users can quickly verify thermodynamic calculations for equilibrium, reaction feasibility, and exam preparation.
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1. Entropy Boltzmann's View
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2. Entropy Change of Phase Transitions
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3. Entropy Change of Heating or Cooling at Constant Pressure
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4. Entropy Change of Reaction
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5. Spontaneous Change
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6. Gibbs Energy Change
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7. Standard Gibbs Energy of Reaction
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8. Nonstandard Gibbs Energy of Reaction
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9. Gibbs Energy of an Ideal Gas
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